Mosquitoes undergo a complete metamorphosis, which means they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle. The life cycle of a mosquito consists of the following stages:
- Egg Stage: The life cycle begins when a female mosquito lays eggs. Mosquito eggs are typically laid in or near standing water, such as ponds, marshes, or even small containers with water, like flower pots or discarded tires. The eggs are usually attached together to form a raft or laid individually on the water’s surface. Depending on the mosquito species and environmental conditions, the eggs can hatch within a few days to several weeks.
- Larva Stage: After the eggs hatch, mosquito larvae, also known as “wrigglers,” emerge from them. The larvae live in water and have a distinct appearance with a head, thorax, and abdomen. They breathe through a siphon tube that extends above the water surface, allowing them to obtain oxygen. Mosquito larvae feed on organic matter and microorganisms present in the water. During this stage, they undergo several molts or shedding of their exoskeletons as they grow.
- Pupa Stage: The larval stage lasts for several days, after which the larvae enter the pupa stage. Mosquito pupae are often referred to as “tumblers” because of their unique tumbling movement if disturbed in water. Pupae do not feed during this stage, as they are undergoing significant changes inside their pupal case. Within a few days, the transformation inside the pupal case is complete, and the adult mosquito forms.
- Adult Stage: The adult mosquito emerges from the pupal case and rests on the water surface for a short period to allow its wings to dry and harden. After this stage, the adult mosquito can fly away to find a mate and search for a blood meal (in the case of female mosquitoes). Male mosquitoes primarily feed on nectar and other plant-based substances and do not require blood meals. Female mosquitoes, however, need the proteins present in blood to develop their eggs.
The life cycle of a mosquito can vary in duration, depending on factors such as species, temperature, and availability of food and water. In some species, the life cycle can be completed in as little as a week, while in others, it may take several weeks. Understanding the mosquito life cycle is essential in controlling mosquito populations and preventing the spread of diseases they can transmit, such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.